Deforestation is primarily a concern for the developing countries of the tropics myers, 1994 as it is shrinking areas of the tropical forests. In many countries, people clear land to use it for other purposes, such as agriculture, pasture land, and urban development. Why deforestation happens deforestation occurs in many ways. Background the uk is hoping to reach an international agreement to reduce tropical deforestation by at least 50% by 2020, and to halt global forest cover loss by 2030. Marsfm working paper 5 2007 forestry department food and agriculture organization of the united nations manual on deforestation, degradation, and fragmentation using remote sensing and gis prepared by giri tejaswi rome, march 2007 strengthening monitoring, assessment and reporting on sustainable forest management in asia gcpint988jpn. Impacts of deforestation and land cover change on mountain soils. In this case, agriculture is the main immediate driver of deforestation, which is influenced by underlying factors, such as the expansion of. The effects of deforestation on wildlife along the transamazon highway article pdf available in european journal of wildlife research 5. The impacts and opportunities of oil palm in southeast asia. Kaimowitz center for international forestry research cifor, san jose, costa rica cabi publishing in. Deforestation as much as 30 percent of the greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere each year are due to deforestationxiii.
Deforestation and forest degradation in the congo basin. The soil only stays nutrient rich for so long, about two years11, after this time, the nutrients from the burned biomass are used up. Its 17 chapters, organized in three sections, refer to deforestation impacts on climate, soil, biodiversity and human population, but. Abranches the political economy of deforestation in brazil. Much of the controversy is about clearing natural forests and peatlands to make way for oil palm plantations, which has generated widespread negative publicity. Future deforestation in the amazon and consequences for. Its carbondioxide emissions since 1987, and on 2 the manner in which the global warming debate is being carried out is only sharpening and deepening the. The changes in area of forest by region and subregion are shown in table 1. To do so, we employ a coupled ecosystemregional climate model. Ecological impacts of palm oil expansion in indonesia. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of deforestation and. Impact of deforestation related commitments the complex nature of the forest and land use sector makes it difficult to attribute direct impacts on the political economy at the forest frontier to company commitments. There are increasing instances of invasion and animal killing. A study was initiated in 1994 to evaluate the effects of deforestation on physical and chemical properties of soils under oak quercus brontii forests in lordegan region.
Figure 1 above shows the diverse economic drivers of deforestation in six key tropical countries. Clean development mechanism, climate change, deforestation, emission testing, green house. Brazils global warming emissions from 1990 to 2012, figur by economic sector e 3. For readers particularly interested in the united states, we include, preceding this executive summary, a listing of domestic impacts by region. Future deforestation in the amazon and consequences for south american climate abigail l. Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation forest carbon. The drivers of tropical deforestation can be summed up as complex socioeconomic processes that are impossible to isolate a single cause. This triggered an outcry from the environmental sector. Causes, effects and control strategies find, read and cite all the research you.
Deforestation and forest degradation in the congo basin ix. Causes, effects and control strategies 5 deforestation are maintained. Explain the impact of desertification on the environment of africa from the sahel to the rainforest. Deforestation and forest degradation impact the lives of 1. The impacts of oil palm on recent deforestation and. It consists of a complex of social, political, economic. The dark areas are forest, the white is deforested areas, and the gray is regrowth. Pdf deforestation causes, impacts and restoration strategies. Pdf on apr 25, 2012, sumit chakravarty and others published deforestation. Policy impacts on deforestation lessons learned from past experiences to inform new initiatives nicholas institute 5 executive summary n ational and international efforts within the last few decades to reduce forest loss, while having some impact, have failed to substantially slow the loss of the worlds forests. Desertification has been defined as land degradation in arid, semiarid, and dry subhumid areas resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities11. Such an achievement will require a concerted effort among all nations. When roads are built, culverts are formed alongside that create pools of water. Policy impacts on deforestation lessons learned from past.
The area has suffered from intense deforestation in the past, and remaining forest areas are highly fragmented. Annual deforestation rate in the amazon region of brazilfigur 25 e 4. Deforestation definition, causes, effects, and control. The conversion to date, and future expansion, threatens biodiversity and increases greenhouse gas emissions. Pdf restoration forestry or ecoforestry or sustainable forestry is basically not aimed to produce forest trees for logging or any sort of human. Th e deforestation of the amazon by phil camill page 2 tropics as the source of 50 to 90% of all species on earth wilson 1992. Explain the relationship between poor soil and deforestation in subsaharan africa. There is a clear correlation between deforestation and the prices of soybean. Kosek and her team study the impact of deforestation on the spread of infectious diseases in the peruvian amazon. A free powerpoint ppt presentation displayed as a flash slide show on id.
Causes and effects of deforestation deforestation is the permanent destruction of forests in order to make the land available for other uses. Deforestation eliminates a great number of species of plants and animals which also often results in an increase in disease. Understanding the underlying or indirect causes of deforestation is crucial to address redd and climate change. Facts to be considered regarding the impact of shifting cultivation in asia 5 the replacement of shifting cultivation by permanent land use results in a substantial loss of crop genetic diversity and the traditional knowledge on seeds. Deforestation can also occur to produce the wood and organic materials needed for a variety of industries. Future deforestation in the amazon and consequences for south american climate. Without location effects, we find no significant effect of poverty on the rate of deforestation. Deforestation and greenhouse gases congressional budget office. Future deforestation in the amazon and consequences for south. Deforestation is accompanied by reduced humidity, owing to the absence of transpiring trees.
The causes attributed to deforestation are multivariate in nature, interrelated and differ at local, national as well as regional scale. Pdf impact of deforestation on climate change iosr. Tropical countries could in fact leverage greater reductions through compensated reduction of deforestation. Agricultural technology, global land use and deforestation. Ecological impacts of palm oil expansion in indonesia given that global land area for agriculture is limited tilman et al. Palm oil is the most widely traded vegetable oil globally, with demand projected to increase substantially in the future. Policy effectiveness, efficiency and equity all can increase if we learn lessons from the past about what drives and what inhibits deforestation and degradation. Most deforestation is driven from outside forestry sector e. Although tropical deforestation meets some human needs, it also has profound, sometimes devastating, consequences, including social conflict and human rights abuses, extinction of plants and animals, and climate changechallenges that affect the whole world. There is a clear linkages between deforestation and worlds demands of fiber, food, and fuel.
There is a clear linkages between deforestation and worlds demands of fiber, food, and fuel understanding the underlying or indirect causes of deforestation is crucial to address redd and climate change most deforestation is driven from outside forestry sector e. While the secondary data source involved the search into published and unpublished materials relevant to. Deforestation effects on soil physical and chemical. These are ideal places for mosquitoes to lay their eggs, according to the researchers. Effects of poverty on deforestation pageodd land use, location and poverty land use we use a dynamic theoretical model like stavins and jaffe 1990 but emphasize key irreversibilities as well as the dynamics of development1. Today, consumer pressure is pushing companies toward.
Deforestation poses a grave threat to this biodiversity. Loss of native species allows new species to come to dominance. Deforestation impacts spread of infectious diseases in. Agricultural technologies and tropical deforestation. Deforestation and climate change climate institute. Biodiversity impacts although tropical forests cover only about 7 percent of the earths dry land, they probably harbor about half of all species on earth.
On a local scale, the clearing of forest land can cause a decline in the population of certain species. Effects of tropical deforestation on climate and agriculture deborah lawrence and karen vandecar tower, groundbased and satellite observations indicate that tropical deforestation results in warmer, drier conditions at the local scale. Policy impacts on deforestation lessons learned from past experiences to inform new initiatives nicholas institute 4 policy impacts on deforestation lessons learned from past experiences to inform new initiatives nicholas institute 5 contents executive summary 5 introduction 10 agriculture, logging and fuelwood dominate forest loss 10. In this case, agriculture is the main immediate driver of deforestation, which is influenced by underlying factors, such as the expansion of the road network, the proximity to previous clearings, high population densities, and climatic factors such as low annual rainfall, and long dry seasons kirby et al 2006. We analyse deforestations relationship to poverty with and without spatial controls. Impacts of deforestation on plantpollinator networks. Deforestation causes, effects and impacts aims and objectives 1. Agricultural technologies and tropical deforestation edited by a. Pdf impacts of forestation and deforestation on local. Even though brazils deforestation did peak in 1987, several brazilian sources point out that they have reduced substantially since then. In fact, deforestation has been linked to desertification and droughts. Facts to be considered regarding the impact of shifting.
This paper seeks to assess the extent of the impacts of deforestation on socioeconomic development of the study area and how the stakeholders will adopt environmentally friendly management options for forest resources. Most of the clearing is done for agricultural purposesgrazing cattle, planting crops. Angelsen center for international forestry research cifor,bogor, indonesia and department of economics and social sciences agricultural university of norway as, norway and d. Deforestation and climate change congressional research service summary efforts to mitigate climate change have focused on reducing carbon dioxide co 2 emissions into the atmosphere. However, it is not possible to estimate the resultant loss of forest cover due to the lack of data. Deforestation is the process of cutting down trees and clearing land. Understanding the regional or global impacts of deforestation on climate, and ultimately on agriculture. Proximate or direct drivers of deforestation and forest degradation are human activities and actions that directly impact forest cover and result in loss of carbon stocks. Another most noticeable impact of deforestation is the increasing humanwildlife conflict. Impact of deforestation on climate change iosr journal. There are many factors that contribute to deforestation, each with its own causes and negative environmental impacts. The following are highlights of the global warming impacts described in this report.
The greater impacts of deforestation can be seen on desertification, climate changes, global warming, extinction, and population displacement. Deforestation impacts on the wider ecosystem and public health. The effects of deforestation on the environment are numerous. Basic concepts of deforestation, degradation, and fragmentation 2. Causes, effects and control strategies sumit chakravarty 1, s. The objective of this study was to quantify the impact of the projected shifts towards increased agriculture and pasture within the amazon on climate of the amazon and surrounding regions. Gabon also plans to substantially increase its agricultural production by extending the use of arable land. In fact, tropical rainforests are believed to be the most diverse ecosystems on the planet. The decreasing forest cover is limiting the habitats of many species due to which is forcing them to intrude with human welfare 36. Some of these efforts center on reducing co 2 emissions from deforestation, since. Deforestation impacts spread of infectious diseases in peruvian amazon march april, 2008 volume 7, issue 2.
Mexicos commitment to emissions reductions through 2050, figur. Causes and impacts of land degradation and desertification. Tropical deforestation contributes as much as 90% of the current net release of biotic carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Many species are so specialized to microhabitats within the forest that they can only be found in small areas. Most 96% of palm oil production occurs on the island. Most impacts are complex and interrelated, and continuously drive the destructive cycle of deforestation. Economic drivers of deforestation chain reaction research. Pdf effects of deforestation on land degradation researchgate. Impacts of supply chain commitments on the forest frontier. This change may represent as much as 20% 30% of the total carbon flux due to humans, i. The causes, effects and alternatives to deforestation in the rural.
In four latin american countries brazil, colombia, ecuador and peru, over 70% of combined deforestation is linked to cattle ranching. According to fao, deforestation is the conversion of. Almost all oil palm grows in areas that were once tropical moist forests, some of them quite recently. It is not uncommon for deforested land to experience extremely arid climates. Pdf the effects of deforestation on wildlife along the. Effects of tropical deforestation on climate and agriculture. Many farmers use deforested areas of land to raise cattle. Often such measures and management strategies are designed in response to a perceived risk of negative climate change impacts rather than in response to incentive schemes, such as payment for environmental services or market driven schemes such as certification. The water content in the soil and the groundwater levels also decline in the cleared land. Indeed some 31 countries do not even make the list because they have already removed most of their forests and even if that remain are seriously fragmented and degraded. Degradation of astanding forest, like deforestation, reduces carbonstorage,thequalityofspecieshabitat,andtheprovision of local ecosystem services, such as water quality.
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